Turning back the clock on Muslim history

Criticism of the Ottoman Sultans | Global Intifada

Jinnzaman has an interesting feature on scholarly criticism of the Ottoman empire, which was not as simplistic as some Muslims portray it, by calling all of the sultans awliyaa’ (saints); rather, there were some good and some bad, as one of the major scholars who witnessed the conquest of Egypt testified.

One of my main criticisms of Muslim political activism is that some assume that if we only turned back the clock to, say, the mid-Ottoman period, or even the 18th century, everything in the Muslim world would be fine again. I have even read a suggestion that the imperial family still exists, and that the Muslims should find the pretender an office to move into. Quite apart from the fact that turning back the clock just does not happen, they overlook the negative aspects of their rule, notably the boy tribute system in Europe, which I have heard some Muslims offer as an example of Ottoman statesmanship even though it produced a lasting legacy of bitterness. Perhaps the people left behind were more embittered than those taken, who became part of an elite regiment in the Ottoman army, but it was an oppressive innovation all the same.

While I do not wish to excuse local hostility to Muslims, given that none of them actually experienced this particular form of oppression (it was ended long before the Ottoman empire fell, because the Janissary corps it produced came to be seen as a threat to the Ottoman state), and because it probably has much to do with the attitude of Serbian clergy towards people of other religions (including Catholics, let alone Muslims), the fact remains that the Balkans, which did not experience any other form of Muslim rule besides the Ottmans’, have not become a predominantly Muslim region unlike many other places just as far from the traditional centres of Islam which were exposed to Islam just as late (e.g. Indonesia and parts of Africa), and the nature of Ottoman rule cannot be excluded when we consider the reasons for this, given the length of Ottoman rule there.

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  • George Carty

    Wasn’t one important weakness of the Ottoman Empire its low population density? The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power had a comparable population to France, despite having ten times the land area. That’s probably why the Ottomans never had an overseas colonial empire, as the population was insufficient for the existing territory.

    Another thing, wasn’t the devşirme only applied to populations (mostly Slavic) whose Muhammad-era ancestors were not Christian or Jewish, and who were de jure classified by the Ottomans as slaves (rather than dhimmis, whose enslavement would be illegal according to the Shari’ah)?

  • Thersites

    ” The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power had a comparable population to France, despite having ten times the land area.” When was this? Perhaps the Ottoman Turks themselves were only comparable in number with the French, but in- say- the sixteenth century I doubt that the population of North Africa, Arabia and large chunks of Asia and Europe were comparable in population with France, leaving aside the fact that the area ruled was much more than ten times as large as France anyway. A better comparisn would be with Venice- one of the first proto-capitaist states- and its empire, which had a population less than a tenth as large and an empire about a hundredth as large as the ottoman empire but could still effectively resist Ottoman expansion for about two hundred years.

  • http://www.yursil.com Yursil

    BismillahirRahmanirRahim Salamu’alaykum,

    It is interesting that you take the non-Muslim perspective on the recruitment of Jannisaries and the Ottomans, and use that as an example of the ‘problems’ of Ottoman rule. I wonder if detractors would not change the current situation of humiliation and widespread death of Muslims for the Ottomans, due to this. The reality is that this draft was nothing more than an opportunity to rise within the government, and build bridges.

    History is filled with reports of families yearning to give their children that they may become property owners and wealthy men. Why do you ignore those reports?

    Detractors will jump from one non-Muslim complaint of the Ottomans to another.

    The Ottomans ruled for nearly half of Islamic history, in a voracious empire which was predicted by the Holy Prophet (S). Sultan Mehmet and his armies were predicted in the hadith of Constantinople. These are facts recognized from scholars as far as Imam Zaid Shakir to Mufti Taqi Usmani to Shaykh Abdul Hakim Murad in the modern age.

    The bar that others use to judge them with is one inherently tainted with Western superiority complexes nurtured for generations amongst Europeans.

    The adab of speaking of and about Muslim leaders has been completely lost with Western educated Muslims.

    Fortunately the ulema are still keeping their manners.

  • H

    Salam, I just got to say that I am absolutely shocked by some people’s attitudes. At what point do we stop and think to ourselves, “let’s talk about how someone got drunk 500 years ago”. I see that they want to debate the issue of whether or not someone is a wali, pious person, or whatever, but to talk about this by bringing up accusations of drunkardness etc, just isn’t on.

    Just a few points:

    1)So what if one side says Selim was a wali and one side doesn’t? If you want to debate this, then don’t stoop so low as to mention praying and drunkedness.

    2) I am disgusted at Jinnzaman’s lack of respect, he just seems to go around causing irrelevant debates about thermodynamics, matter being uncreated etc. Just look at his arguments with the Shaykh at Sunnianswers.

    3) How many Shaykhs and rulers have been contraversial in the past? Many. Ok, Ibn Iyas was around at the time of Selim, so what? How many Imam’s have criticised each other and been contemporaries? Too many to count. Did Ibn Iyas meet Selim, did he see that he didn’t pray and was drunk? Why is Ibn Iyas’s word any more true than Selim’s other contemporaries?

    4) What’s worse? Drinking or talking about matter being uncreated and bringing up useless debates? Who’s better? Someone who fights for Islam or someone who talks about a decent topic but then brings it down to the gutters by talking about a dead person’s alledged indecency?

    5) If you want to believe that Selim was a tyrant, then be my guest. But don’t talk like it has been proven, and don’t ask us to believe in the word of one Imam in that particular era because it suits your beliefs. And I am not talking about Yusuf, I am talking about Jinnzaman.

    6) Boy tribute in Europe? Doesn’t anyone know that slavery was around in those days? Why do the Ottomans have to apologize? Why not Salahadin or Harun Rasid or any Muslim ruler in history? Oppresive innovation? Would any slave think they weren’t being oppressed? Would you like to be taken as a slave? Would you think it made a difference whether you were taken as a slave during war or thereafter?

    Come on bros, let’s get over this rubbish. Leave Selim and every caliph alone. And Jinnzaman, stop causing trouble, stop bringing up issues like thermodynamics, and Shaykh Nazim’s alledged bidas and every other useless points like you have done on Marifah! And before you ask, no, i am not a murid. Just a sinner. :)

  • Thersites

    “Boy tribute in Europe? Doesn’t anyone know that slavery was around in those days? Why do the Ottomans have to apologize?” Because even by muslim standards the forcible conscription and conversion of subject children was immoral and illegal. It’s also worth remembering that the “Bring back the Caliph” fans also favour re-introucing slavery, so it isn’t an abstract question when discussing their opinions and proposals.

  • http://www.islamicpolitik.com Afs-M

    Hmmm, the post has been taken off the brothers blog.

  • H

    The point being, actually, what slave would not feel oppressed if he were a slave because of a conscription or because of war. Either way, a slave will not want to be a slave, so even if by muslim standards it’s illegal and immoral, it makes little difference to the slave. This was my point in response to Yusuf’s “oppressive innovation” statement, which implied that the people who were conscripted felt oppressed, whereas I was saying that it makes no difference to the slave with respect to how he was enslaved.

    Do you know how much power the Janissaries had in the empire? They may have started off as slaves but they did not end as slaves. They became so powerful at one point that the Caliph, Sultan Mahmud II had to forcibly disband them. The Janissaries were no different from the mamlukes of both Egypt and India. All had power which rendered the concept of their slavehood as redundant.

  • Thersites

    Sorry, I should have emphasised that even by muslim standards at the time the forcible conscription and conversion of subject children was immoral and illegal. Even when the ottomans imposed boy-tax on their subjects the practise had muslim critics. That was one of the points I was making. The other, the caliphophiles’- to coin a phrase- enthusiasm for restoring slavery, still stands too. You are confusing the janissaries at different times, H. In the early days the janissaries were conscripted from Balkan christian subjects and were not allowed to marry and- given the continual military activity of the ottoman empire- had to be regularly replenished. Later they were allowed to marry and effectively became a hereditary “caste” with no need- or desire, because it would reduce their privileges- for further admissions. They were also militarily obsolete by then against European or European-trained armies but refused to learn new skills or abandon old privileges. Then you could justifiably compare them with the mamelukes. Incidentally, IJ, the fact that janissary conscription “was ended long before the Ottoman empire fell,” may not “excuse local hostility to Muslims” but time does not necessarily estroy gruges: the muslims who still lament the fall of Andalus regret something that happened even longer ago. One of the main causes of Serb- and Croat- hostility to muslims is partly a class element- it’s noteworthy that propaganda for the muslims of Bosnia-Herzevogina in the Yugoslav wars emohasised the midle-class and administrative backgrounds of many of the muslims, without realising that it was precisely that class-aspect which inspired hostility- and partly that they are thought of as hereditary quislings, opportunists who converted for privilege and who want to keep those privileges. When Bosnia-Herzevogina came under Habsburg control the main concern of the native muslim elite was that they should retain their secualar privileges, which included control of the last serfs in Europe. In Yugoslavia muslim was an ethnic- hereditary- classification and identity rather than a religious one.

  • George Carty
    I have even read a suggestion that the imperial family still exists, and that the Muslims should find the pretender an office to move into.

    I think that was Daoud Rosser-Owen’s suggestion - maybe he’s of the opinion that restoring an abolished Caliphate would be impossible, so it would be more expedient to claim that the abolition was an illegal act (in which case the Ottomans would still legally be Caliphs of Islam)…